The study examines Moldova, Armenia, and Ukraine as three distinct but comparable cases of democratic resilience under pressure. Together, they reflect shared exposure to regional security risks and hybrid threats, while differing in governance capacity, reform trajectories, and external alignment. Moldova illustrates resilience-building under persistent hybrid pressure, Ukraine under conditions of full-scale war, and Armenia in a high-sensitivity security environment shaped by geopolitical realignment. This comparative perspective helps identify both country-specific dynamics and transferable lessons for reform and international support.
